Author : D. Interest in Ayurveda started growing all over the world in the late s, following the Alma Ata Declaration adopted by the W.
Ayurveda in the New Millennium: Emerging Roles and Future Challenges attempts to survey the progress made in this field and to formulate a course of action to take Ayurveda through the new millennium. It also identifies the many stumbling blocks that need to be removed if Ayurveda is to cater to the needs of a wider audience.
Features: Newer insights into the history of Ayurveda Regulatory aspects of the manufacture of ayurvedic medicines Industrial production of traditional ayurvedic medicines Quality control The scientific rationale of single herb therapy Biological effects of ayurvedic formulations Optimization of ancient wisdom and newer knowledge Conservation of threatened herbs Nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals from Ayurveda Critical view of Ayurveda in the West Direction for the Ayurveda renaissance Ayurveda in the New Millennium: Emerging Roles and Future Challenges describes the strength of Ayurveda and how to usher in the Ayurveda renaissance.
This book will be of interest to proponents of Ayurveda and all branches of traditional and alternative medicine. Experts from the fields of medicine, pharmacology, new drug discovery and food technology will also find it useful.
Ayurveda in The New Millennium. The aim of this book is to fulfill the needs of the basic and clinical researchers as well as the students, particularly related to areas of current interest in pharmacology and therapeutics. Swain HH. However, in the new millennium , there has been a greater emphasis by the pharmaceutical companies toward Some pharmacological actions of the volatile oil.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , no. Dandiya, P. Cullumbine, and E. Studies on Acorus calamus IV Investigations on mechanism Heroin was also used by 70 percent of larger proportion of the population in Dhaka the admissions in Dhaka. In Madras, only a 55 percent and Colombo 60 percent is small proportion In Islamabad, a larger proportion of dependents were heroin users. With respect to level of education, Islamabad and Dhaka Opium and morphine abuse were reported have a larger proportion of the population by small percentages of the total admissions with no formal education 41 percent and 43 in Colombo, Dhaka, and Islamabad.
Overall, available data for The abuse of other types of opiates, such as these four South Asian cities indicated that pethedine and codeine, was fairly wide- more than half of the population had some spread among treatment admissions in formal education. Dhaka These substances are usually used as accounted for a small proportion of the total adjunctive drugs with heroin.
Alcohol consumption was high in The route of drug administration among Madras Smoking or "chasing the dragon" was In , the abuse of buprenorphine, a the most popular mode among admissions in potent synthetic opioid manufactured in Islamabad In , only Madras characterized only 15 percent of the reported buprenorphine abuse—5. More than of the total admissions, up from 3. Madras were injecting users.
Injection drug use was reported to have increased Polydrug use was a common feature among significantly in Islamabad—from 7 percent drug dependents admitted to treatment in in to A sizeable proportion Most addicts in Dhaka 15 percent and Islamabad heroin abusers in Islamabad used other 7.
Available information shows that street sales were the primary source of drugs for users in In summary, trend data for the last 6 years Dhaka percent and Islamabad Cannabis abuse rarely Characteristics of Treatment Admissions exceeded 6 percent of the treatment admis- in South Asian Cities.
Males accounted sions, except in when Madras reported for almost all admissions in each of the four that 6. Madras reported the abused cannabis. Also in Madras, alcohol highest female admissions 2. Drug abusers in the 20 to 34 age the past 3 years. Newer substances, such as group accounted for the largest proportion buprenorphine, have emerged recently in between 47 and 80 percent of the treatment most of the cities. For example, in Madras, admissions in Colombo, Dhaka, and Islama- the rise in the use of buprenorphine among bad.
In these same cities, the second largest heroin addicts was attributed to the easy age group of drug abusers were age 34 and availability and low cost of the drug and the above. In Madras, more than a third Substituting one drug for percent of the admissions were age 20—34, another because of the reduction in the while more than half In Dhaka and Islamabad, most admissions were Muslim In Colombo, 3.
Law Enforcement Data from South slightly more than half of the admissions Asian Cities were listed under the "other" category, and were mostly laborers. Admissions in the Drug-Related Offenses. The differences may The proportions of treatment admissions reflect variations in policy and extent of who were sales and clerical workers ranged police activity in each city.
Only Dhaka had a in Colombo and Islamabad indicates there notable proportion of student admissions 7 are significant variations between these two percent. The arrest rate for drug use In Islamabad, the rate for drug admissions by level of educational attain- arrests was only Those who lation.
A sizeable rate of arrests in both did not receive any formal education ac- cities was for drug selling— In Islam- admissions in Dhaka Colombo Around one-tenth of the admissions in Dhaka and Islamabad had more than 12 Drug Seizures. Available information on years of education. Opium available only for Colombo and Islamabad.
In Islamabad, heroin distribution of the city population, the accounted for 1. Seizures of other opiates, such as treatment admissions 86 percent.
In codeine and pethedine, were reported in Islamabad, the Punjabis 80 percent Dhaka 2, Both Dhaka 14, litres admissions. In Madras, the data on religion and Islamabad Data on drug-related arrests and seized in Dhaka 1, ampoules in , a drug seizures were not available for Madras reduction from the 10, ampoules seized during The number of women and youth abusing heroin is increasing.
Opioid mortality is increasing also and accounts for close to 10 percent of deaths among Australians age 24— Most agencies are reporting increases in the use of amphetamines, usually in conjunction with other drugs. Although not highly prevalent, cocaine abuse appears to be increasing, as are purity levels of the drug.
There are reports of increasing use of lysergic acid diethylamide LSD among youth, usually as a second drug. Increases in injection of ecstasy methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA among youth are reported as well. Cannabis remains the most widely abused illicit drug and an increasing number of users are presenting for treatment. In particular, use is made United States. The population of Australia of the December findings from the is estimated at Data were obtained from the following sources: 3.
These 6- ernment action founded on a philosophy of month meetings involve more than 30 harm minimization. However, over the last treatment and service agencies in the 3 years, a variety of commentators and key Brisbane and Gold Coast regions. The embrace more progressive approaches to change in approach is characterized by the substance use. As a result, the sequent rejection of the proposed ACT Her- socio-political climate surrounding sub- oin Trial is another example of the change in stance use is creating one of the greatest government strategy.
Two liberal views of the mids and early recent examples of challenges to the Federal s. In the following Summit. Together with support for continu- CEWG meeting, it was reported that the ing and increased efforts in treatment, edu- Prime Minister flatly rejected the trial, de- cation and policing, one of the more contro- spite the fact that it had nearly the unani- versial proposals of these groups has con- mous support of all States and territories.
It is not suggested that the current Common- wealth government has neglected the sub- Such proposals may seem radical. However, stance use field. In fact, there is an increase to put this in perspective, the 5-day govern- in the allocation of funding for drug and al- mental drug summit in New South Wales cohol services to be delivered over the next NSW was held against the background of 3 years.
However, the attention of the the recent closure of an illegal shooting gal- Commonwealth Government is currently lery. This service was operating in a church centering more directly on treatment, pre- located in the inner city suburb of Kings vention, and law enforcement.
This repre- Cross. This service was widely supported sents a shift from a more fundamental harm by key health, academic, and political fig- minimization perspective that characterized ures. Following a massive media and public the field in the recent past. Currently, community organizations, family The day after the closure, a young man was and church groups, and both local and State found dead of a heroin overdose in the governments are challenging the Federal church toilet block.
This incident was used Government and calling for a change in di- to argue in favor of supervised shooting gal- rection in dealing with substance use. This leries. What is of particular salience is that reaction is in response to a rapidly growing this argument now has the support of both number of heroin-related overdose deaths State and local governments.
It is interesting to note that, up posals from non-government organizations until the mids, the Commonwealth was for a trial of safe injecting room. This is 23 seizures It was understood also that some impact on the street availability or price. This could indicate a relatively successfully executed. Following these sei- flat supply structure, with users selling to zures, authorities undertook a national sur- other users Davey and Davies a,b.
Heroin-related deaths Price, Purity, and Availability. The among persons age 15—44 have risen from Queensland Police Service reports no signif- 1. Opioid deaths ability of heroin during the last 6 months: now account for almost 10 percent of deaths one cap 0.
Purity ranges from in press. However, the price has steadily declined since — Heroin deaths continue to increase at an At a recent meeting of the Gold Coast alarming rate in Australia.
There were CBDRWG Davey and Davies b , there heroin-related overdose deaths recorded in were reports of smaller amounts approxi- ; overdose deaths are expected to reach mately one-twentieth of a gram being sold 1, in Hall This trend towards the marketing of recently undertaken in New South Wales smaller quantities may be indicative of an indicates that heroin overdose deaths have increase in purity and availability. This data increased by percent in Sydney and is consistent with trends in Sydney and percent in non-metropolitan regions during Melbourne where prices have decreased the last 5 years Darke et al.
This re- also. Victorian police reports was reported by 60 percent of the sample indicate that overdoses have tripled in the age 12— This represents a 20 percent in- last 5 years. In Melbourne, overdose deaths crease in use since , a trend which is at the beginning of were averaging two comparable with Sydney and other centers. Ambulance services in cally. Melbourne attended 12 to 13 overdoses per day and administered approximately 1, The majority of agencies in the Queensland doses of Narcan during a 5-month period in CBDRWG Davey and Davies a,b re- This represents a 50 percent increase port that, for young people, heroin is consis- from the previous 6 months.
Other States, tently the third or fourth most frequently such as Queensland, have reported up to a used drug after alcohol, cannabis, and am- 70 percent increase in the administration of phetamines.
This also is more indicative of Narcan during the past 12 months Davey the trend towards polydrug use rather than and Davies a,b. A recently completed survey of clients at a major Bris- Trends. Like many areas in Australia, re- bane injecting drug user IDU community- search carried out in the Gold Coast regions based organization found that heroin was the Davey and Davies a and Brisbane first drug injected by 24 percent of respon- Davey and Davies b with drug agen- dents, second after amphetamines 62 per- cies and treatment services clearly suggests cent BYS and Logan YFS Nine out of ten IDUs had in- The ABCI suggests that there is a jected in the past 6 months with a frequency steady decline in the average age of first of 6—7 days per week.
It was reported also time heroin users. For example, a busy in- that one in five IDUs had smoked heroin in ner Brisbane youth community-based orga- the past 6 months. While some ers; this was most prevalent among Viet- Queensland agencies Davey and Davies namese and middle-class users.
Field re- While purity levels in Sydney and Mel- ports indicate that this shift into injection of bourne are low, ranging from 5—20 percent heroin becomes more predominant when McKetin et al. There research also points to an increase in the also have been reports of highly dependent availability of the very pure type of amphet- cannabis users shifting directly to heroin amine known as base and is described as injection.
The purity of increase in clients who use base and show amphetamines continues to vary; the overall signs of psychosis. Although amphetamines and meth- amphetamine constitute the bulk of the mar- One issue that contrasts Queensland against ket, there is a growing crystallized meth- the other States is the high level of local am- amphetamine hydrochloride ice market, as phetamine production.
The ABCI indicated by increasing custom seizures and indicates that there is an increase in the usage reports. Methamphetamine is the availability of amphetamines in Queensland major illicit substance produced by clandes- and New South Wales and attribute this to tine laboratories.
The majority of the labs widespread local production. Australian use easily-obtained Sudafed tablets Customs believe that this issue may be con- pseudoephedrine and use hypophos- tributing to a decrease in seizures.
Customs phorous acid to reduce the pseudoephedrine. It is unknown whether these importa- tions are used for further manufacture, al- Price and Availability.
The Queensland though it is certainly feasible. Seizures for Police Service reports no significant change amphetamines and ephedrine for all of Aus- in the price and purity of amphetamines. As tralia are shown below. Associated with this is the injection being the favored administration growing trend to medicate or soften the method. A benzodiazepines. Some agency There has been a rapid rise in the use of nal- workers point out that the increase in injec- trexone as a treatment for opioid dependence tion may be a result of the new form of am- during the past 12 months.
Treatment agen- phetamine base being sold in a moist crys- cies and outreach workers in Queensland tal form that makes snorting almost impossi- report that there are incidents of clients on ble unless the drug is mixed with glucose. This may indicate that terns of speed use in these areas. This trend heroin users are turning to naltrexone to is supported by Needle and Syringe Support manage drug use rather than to abstain. Program data. The crease in the number of amphetamine users Queensland Police Service Intelligence indi- describing a severe, protracted withdrawal cates that there is no shortage of cannabis on syndrome.
There also are anecdotal reports the market. This also coincides with an age de- crease in the onset of amphetamine use in Key informants on the Gold Coast Davey the Brisbane area. Several agencies in Bris- and Davies b report that the price of bane note that amphetamine presentations hydroponically grown marijuana has re- often describe concurrent heavy cannabis mained fairly stable over the past 6 months; use.
Sydney IDRS data of cannabis per gram and per ounce has indicate a higher frequency of heroin use slightly decreased during the last 12 months, among cannabis users. This trend has been with Adelaide recording the cheapest prices. Adelaide There also continues to be a rapidly increas- has the most liberal marijuana legislation in ing number of cannabis-related presentations Australia; consequently, cheaper prices are at the various treatment services across the not unexpected.
Cannabis remains the most the Gold Coast believe that the market for popular and frequently used illicit drug non-hydroponic cannabis is decreasing. The Davey and Davies a,b. Price, Purity, and Availability. The ABCI The ABCI reports that hydroponic cannabis reports that, as a result of the stabili- cultivation is increasing as a result of diffi- zation of the United States cocaine market, culties experienced by law enforcement in traffickers are seeking out alternate sites.
The This may account for the increase in cocaine cultivation is increasing as market demand use in Sydney during the last 12 months. However, caps are not as seizures Purity levels have generally increased in all Trends. Australia, and South Australia, the purity levels averaged 54 percent, 35 percent, 29 5. Naltrexone percent, and 44 percent, respectively ABCI Government funded naltrexone trials, including ultra rapid opioid detoxification Customs border detection of cocaine has in- UROD , have commenced in various sites creased, with Sydney remaining the favored in Australia.
Both the pros and cons of point of entry and Queensland the second naltrexone continue to be enthusiastically favored point of entry ABCI Sei- debated. In the last Queensland CBDRWG, zure data show: many of the agencies voiced a variety of concerns about naltrexone, including an in- — 7. Further- more, there are increasing reports of poly- Trends. Recently, a disturbing trend has drug users adding naltrexone to their reper- been observed in Sydney: heroin injectors toire, potentially as a drug use management have been increasing their injection of co- option Davey and Davies a,b.
There caine ABCI In Sydney during the are also anecdotal reports of naltrexone be- last half of , the proportion of IDUs ing sold on the street on the Gold Coast. During the last few years, LSD popular- rose from 2 to17 percent by the end of ity increased in the dance party scene. How- McKetin et al. Cocaine use in other ever, in more recent times, the user market major centers such as Brisbane, Melbourne, has grown more broadly. Treatment and and Adelaide remains very low McKetin et youth agency workers in Queensland report al.
Key informants in both Brisbane and the The price of LSD has remained relatively sta- Gold Coast have observed an increase in the ble over the past 6 months. One of the major basing of cocaine crack , but only in very factors that characterizes the popularity of isolated cases. Mixing cocaine with speed LSD is its affordability. A recent survey conducted at a Most of the agencies participating in the busy Brisbane city youth service showed Queensland CBDRWG Davey and Davies that lifetime use of LSD has risen from 56 a,b reported a variance in the quality of percent in to 74 percent in A ecstasy with generally low purity levels.
Almost all agencies recog- that 48 percent of young men and 32 percent nized the underreporting of LSD use. Furthermore, an increase in injection 7. These generally contain caffeine or amphetamine. However, on There are two dominant trends in the use or occasion, a tablet contains combinations of abuse of prescription medications.
Key scribing IDUs with antidepressants. This is informants on the Gold Coast believe regarded as problematic in two ways. The ephedrine is sometimes substituted for and tricyclic antidepressants are now being sold as ecstasy. Also, these types of medications are the market in powder form.
The range of being used to treat dependent drug use prices is: without any ancillary support. For example, in inges compared with the previous year. The total diagnoses for the year ending The average age of people diagnosed with December 31, were diagnoses of HIV infection in was 36 years.
In the 4-month of age and 86 percent were male. Canberra: Coast February Brisbane: Queens- land University of Technology, a. Drugs Davey, J. Community Based and Young People. Brisbane; Queensland Autumn University of Technology, b. Crosbie, D. Director, Alcohol and Drug Hall, W. Personal of use, distribution, causes. Paper delivered correspondence, Age of initiation Wales, The Use of Anti- adjustment.
Journal of Public Health in press. Preliminary data, Penington, D. A historical perspective of drug use in Australia. Paper presented at the McKetin, R. Drug Trends Bulletin: Adelaide, April 28—30, December Of the 6, deaths resulting from alcohol consumption in Canada in , Tobacco is also the leading cause of death from substance abuse—it is estimated that about one in every five deaths in Canada is attributable to smoking. Canada initiated a concerted effort to address substance abuse in with two consecutive 5-year strategies.
The Canadian Epidemiology conceived to foster networking among key Network on Drug Use multi-sectoral partners to improve the qual- ity of data currently being gathered, and to CCENDU was created in response to an ultimately serve as an early warning network identified need for a surveillance system on emerging trends.
Since its earlier pilot spanning Canada, bringing together locally- phase, reported in the Inaugural National relevant information on drug use, its health Report, CCENDU has also acknowledged and legal consequences, treatment, and law and undertaken a role in responding quickly enforcement.
The compilation of such es- to requests for current information on sential information is intended to facilitate emerging drugs of abuse and issues of con- the development, implementation, and eval- cern. The adopted model facilitates rapid uation of effective strategies to deal with dissemination of these types of requests substance abuse at the local, provincial, and across the country and an equal ability to national levels.
Eight sites ment data, morbidity data, mortality provided local reports for inclusion in the estimates, and rates of HIV infection or national report: Halifax, Fredericton, AIDS. To the extent possible, data are Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Regina, reported for the calendar year. Two other sites, St. John and Whitehorse, Although some information is only available have been part of the network for nearly a at the provincial or regional level, data are year, but have not yet been able to provide aggregated primarily at the local level by local reports.
Three additional sites— each participating city. Some data are taken Ottawa, Edmonton, and Victoria—are at from national sources to facilitate and various stages of involvement and are standardize data collection across sites. This exploring the feasibility of becoming full includes social indicators obtained from network members.
Statistics Canada population, income, ethnicity, and crime statistics , morbidity The Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse data obtained from the Canadian Institute for provides national coordination. Data and information are collected in nine Indicators of drug use and drug problems major areas: alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, were chosen on the basis of access and heroin, sedative-hypnotics and tranquilizers, availability of data, usefulness to persons hallucinogens other than cannabis, stimu- working in the addictions field, and the need lants other than cocaine, the human immu- to keep data collection and interpretation nodeficiency virus HIV and acquired manageable.
Each type of data has its immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS , and advantages and disadvantages relative to needle exchange. Summaries of national alternative information sources. Survey data data as well as local site information are are the best source of information on drug provided for indicators in each issue area.
In addition, special representation of lower socioeconomic reports were provided by Toronto on three groups. Enforcement data 2. Sources and Quality of Information are similarly influenced by factors other than the incidence of drug-related problems. Alcohol most widely used illicit drug in Canada. The total economic 19 year-olds used cannabis at least once in costs attributed to alcohol in were esti- the 12 months prior to the survey.
The greatest number of hospitaliza- Cannabis is rarely determined to be the tions were for accidental falls 16, , alco- cause of death. In , no case of death hol dependence 14, , and motor vehicle investigated by medical examiners or coro- accidents 11, The largest number of ners was attributed to cannabis, although alcohol-attributed deaths resulted from im- cannabis was detected through toxicological paired driving accidents 1, Liver cir- testing in some cases.
Many In the past several years, law enforcement of these deaths occurred among relatively priorities concerning cannabis have shifted young victims. The total years of potential to addressing importation, trafficking, and life lost because of alcohol use calculated by production rather than drug possession. Based on the drug problems exhibit 1.
The prevalence of use among in some problem indicators. Yet, not all prob- adolescent students ranges from about 2 to 6 lems are decreasing, and alcohol use by Cana- percent. Outside of British Columbia, there dian youth appears to be increasing. High numbers of telephone and school surveys. Among street varies considerably among study sites, rang- youth in Toronto, about 31 percent used ing from 2 percent or less in most sites to powder cocaine and 31 percent used crack approximately 10 percent in Vancouver, To- over the course of a year.
In Montreal, ronto, and Montreal. Vancouver has the about 32 percent and 18 percent of street highest number of hospital discharges with youth, respectively, used powder cocaine an opiate-related diagnosis; however, the and crack in the month prior to the survey.
These figures do not street youth surveyed in reported hav- include diagnoses related to fetal and neona- ing used crack and powder cocaine, respec- tal drug exposure—an increasing problem in tively. In Re- related deaths reported by coroner or medi- gina, 69 percent of persons in treatment who cal examiner offices occurs in Vancouver reported having used cocaine also reported exhibit 4. There were deaths related to cocaine was their major drug problem. In heroin or cocaine overdose in Vancouver in contrast, in Halifax, 27 percent of the people Even though this figure includes in treatment for substance abuse reported some cocaine overdose cases, it is likely a having used cocaine at some time.
On the other hand, the num- problem in several study sites, and it is ber of heroin deaths in Toronto has declined reaching crisis proportions in Vancouver.
In from 60 in to 38 in In Vancouver, heroin and cocaine use, par- British Columbia has started to track ambu- ticularly injection use of these drugs, is a lance service calls that involve possible drug major concern.
In Fiscal Year priority for law enforcement, these drugs are —, the ambulance services re- associated with considerable morbidity and sponded to 2, possible drug overdose mortality because they are often used in incidents, and administered naloxone combination with other drugs, or are used times province-wide, although most took for the purpose of suicide.
Hallucinogens Other than In summary, heroin use is a serious problem Cannabis in Toronto and Montreal and it represents a major public health crisis in Vancouver. Over the past five decades, Earth observation has developed into a comprehensive system that can conduct dynamic monitoring of the land, the oceans and the atmosphere at. Available in PDF, ePub and. Download or read online New Scientist written by Anonim, published by Unknown which was released on Get New Scientist Books now!
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